Manual techniques: Disk diffusion; Broth microdilution; Agar dilution; Gradient Diffusion

Manual techniques: Broth microdilution; Disk diffusion; Gradient diffusion; Azole agar screening

Also known as Aspergillus galactomannan test

Individual components: Blood pH, Partial pressure of oxygen, Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, Oxygen saturation, Bicarbonate

Individual components: CSF White blood cell total count; CSF White blood cell differential count; CSF protein; CSF glucose

Individual components: Total and differential white blood cell counts; Red blood cell count and indices, Platelet count, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit

Solid medium (Löwenstein–Jensen medium, Middlebrook 7H10 or 7H11 agar media)

Liquid medium

The most commonly used stains are: Romanowsky stains (including Giemsa and Wright); Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E); May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG); Papanicolaou (PAP)

Also known as Direct antiglobulin test

Qualitative or quantitative

Also known as Itano solubility test

The most commonly used stains are: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E); Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS); Masson's Trichrome; Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS)

Also known as Immunosubtraction

Also known as Indirect antiglobulin test

Indirect bilirubin is routinely calculated.

Individual components: CD10, CD19, CD45, CD34, CD7, CD33, CD117 (c-Kit), myelo­­­peroxidase, CD79a, Cytoplasmic CD3, HLA-DR, CD5, CD23 and CD43. [For four-colour fluorochrome cytometry]

While low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can be measured, it is routinely calculated.

PCR-based molecular tests

Real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Solid medium (Löwenstein–Jensen medium, Middlebrook 7H10 or 7H11 agar media). WHO recommended in 2025 WRDs (molecular techniques)

Liquid medium

First-line drug LPAs and second-line drug LPAs

Individual components: Ki67 antigen, CD45 leukocyte common antigen cell marker, BCL6, MUM1 transcription factor, c-MYC proto-oncogene protein, CD20 cell marker, CD5 cell marker, CD10 cell marker, BCL2, CD23 cell marker, CD79a cell marker, Cyclin D1, CD3 cell marker, CD15 cell marker, CD30, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), CD138/syndecan-1, Kappa/lambda light chain immunoglobulin, Paired box protein-5 (PAX5)

Individual components: Desmin protein, Cytokeratin, pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), S100 protein, Synaptophysin, Myogenin, Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) , Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), Oct-3/4, Nanog protein, CD30, CD117 (c-kit) cell marker, Wilms tumour protein (WT1), Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4)

Liquid-based cervical cytology

The test is approved for both the second-generation (intact) and third-generation (bioactive or bio-intact) forms of the assay.

Also known as Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

Stains: Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa

Plasmodium spp. antigens: species-specific (PfHRP2, pLDH) or pan-malarial antigens (Pan-pLDH or aldolase)

Individual components: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19/CD20, CD16/56.

Multiplex NAAT

Non-treponemal (lipoidal antigen) serologic test

Also known as Emmel’s sickling test

Targeted NGS end-to-end solutions recommended for the detection of resistance to specific anti-TB agents can be found in the targeted NGS section within the 2025 WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 3: diagnosis available at https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/382121

Treponemal serologic test

Treponemal serologic test

Non-treponemal (lipoidal antigen) serologic test